Generation of newspapers has been declining since 2000, and this trend is expected to continue, partly due to decreased page size, but mainly due to the increased digitization of news. Generation of paper and paperboard products declined from 87.7 million tons in 2000 to 67.4 million tons in 2018. Paper and paperboard products made up the largest percentage of all the materials in MSW, at 23.1 percent of total generation. The increase from 2017 to 2018 is mainly the result of EPA’s inclusion of additional wasted food management pathways. Per capita MSW generation increased from 4.5 pounds per person per day in 2017 to 4.9 pounds per person per day in 2018.
Municipal Solid Waste Management: 1960-2018 This is an increase from the 268.7 million tons generated in 2017 and the 208.3 million tons in 1990. The total generation of MSW in 2018 was 292.4 million tons, which was approximately 23.7 million tons more than the amount generated in 2017. The hierarchy places emphasis on reducing, reusing, and recycling as key to sustainable materials management. The hierarchy ranks the various management strategies from most to least environmentally preferred. It also includes environmentally sound waste management through combustion with energy recovery and conversion, as well as landfilling practices that meet current standards or newly emerging waste conversion technologies.ĮPA developed the non-hazardous materials and waste management hierarchy in recognition that no single waste management approach is suitable for managing all materials and waste streams in all circumstances. This includes the source reduction of wastes before they enter the waste stream and the recovery of generated waste for recycling, composting or other methods. Management of MSW continues to be a high priority for state and local governments. *MSW generation rose considerably from 2017 to 2018 mainly because EPA enhanced its food measurement methodology to more fully account for all the ways wasted food is managed throughout the food system.
In addition, nearly 35 million tons of MSW (11.8 percent) were combusted with energy recovery and more than 146 million tons of MSW (50 percent) were landfilled. For more information on food management, see Food: Material-Specific Data. Other food management includes the following management pathways: animal feed, bio-based materials/biochemical processing, co-digestion/anaerobic digestion, donation, land application and sewer/wastewater treatment. An additional 17.7 million tons of food were managed by other methods. Together, almost 94 million tons of MSW were recycled and composted, equivalent to a 32.1 percent recycling and composting rate. Of the MSW generated, approximately 69 million tons were recycled and 25 million tons were composted. short tons, unless specified) or 4.9 pounds per person per day. The total generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) in 2018 was 292.4 million tons (U.S. These Facts and Figures are current through calendar year 2018. The Agency uses this information to measure the success of materials management programs across the country and to characterize the national waste stream.
You can select the option you need under the contact form section(shown below). You will also find many relays that have multiple contacts and some will have a variety of configurations. Here is an example of the contacts in there non-energized state.īelow would be the same contacts in their energized state. This is also called a “changeover” device because the common contact changes from the normally closed position to the normally open position when the coil is energized in a relay or a magnetic field is nearby in a reed switch. This is a short hand way of describing contact configuration.Ī “ Form A” would mean the contacts are normally open when the coil of the relay is not energized or the there is no magnetic field nearby in a reed switch.Ī “ Form B” would mean the contacts are normally Closed when the coil of the relay is not energized or the there is no magnetic field nearby in a reed switch.Ī “ Form C” would have 3 leads and would have 1 normally open and 1 normally closed circuit. What does it mean in relays or reed switches when the contacts are listed as Form A, Form B or Form C?